INSUBCONTINENT EXCLUSIVE:
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Facebook has faced several scandals over the course of 2018
Facebook's staff feel like they are under siege.Every few days there seems to be a fresh accusation or leak that paints the social network
in the worst possible light and calls into question whether it poses a threat to its members, wider society and even democracy itself.The
latest barrage came in the form of a tranche of "confidential" internal emails published online by MPs, who have been smarting that chief
executive Mark Zuckerberg refused to testify before them.As Damian Collins, the chair of the Parliamentary committee responsible, put it, if
they could not get "straight answers" from Mr Zuckerberg then at least the emails could reveal how his firm treats users' data and protects
its "dominant position".Mr Collins claimed the documents prove that the social network continued giving some favoured apps access to users'
friends' data after a cut-off point that was supposed to protect its members' privacy.He added that the emails showed the firm had also
sought to make it difficult for users to know about privacy changes, and had surreptitiously studied smartphone users' habits to identify
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Emails written by Mark Zuckerberg were among those published by the parliament
committee
Overnight on Wednesday, Facebook has published a blow-by-blow response to these and other allegations.The main
thrust of its defence is that the emails had been "cherry-picked" to paint a "false" picture of what really happened.But does its
counter-attack stand upWhite listsOne of the key apparent gotchas from the documents was Facebook's repeated references to "whitelisting" -
the process under which it grants special access to users and their friends' data to some third parties but not others.The context for this
was that in April 2014, Facebook announced that it planned to restrict developers from being able to tap into information about users'
friends as part of a policy referred to as "putting people first".Until that point, any developer could build products that made use of
Facebook users' friends' birthdates, photos, genders, status updates, likes and location check-ins.While such access was to be cut off,
Facebook said it would still allow apps to see who was on a user's friends list and their relevant profile pictures
However, if developers wanted this to include friends who were not using the same app, they now needed to make a request and pass a
review.New apps needed to apply immediately, and existing ones were given a year's grace.Image copyrightUK ParliamentImage caption
Mr Zuckerberg was "empty-chaired" at a recent hearing by Mr Collins' committee
But Mr Collins said the emails
demonstrated that some firms "maintained full access to friends' data" after the 2015 deadline
The documents certainly show several apps sought extended rights - although it is not always clear what the final outcome was.But Facebook
says it only gave "short-term" extensions to the wide range of information about friends and did so in cases when apps needed more time to
adapt."It's common to help partners transition their apps during platform changes to prevent their apps from crashing or causing disruptive
experiences for users," it explained.In fact, Facebook already gave Congress a list in July of about 60 organisations to whom it granted
this privilege, and said at the time that in most cases it was limited to an extra six months,The names excluded some of the bigger brands
referenced in the emails, including Netflix, Airbnb and Lyft.The inference is that if they were indeed granted special long-term rights, it
was only to access complete lists of friends' names and profile images.But since Facebook does not disclose which developers have these
extra rights, it is impossible to know how widely they are offered.Value of friends' dataFacebook has long maintained that it has "never
sold people's data".Rather it said the bulk of its profits come from asking advertisers what kinds of audience they want to target, and then
directing their promotions at users who match.But Mr Collins said the emails also demonstrated that Facebook had repeatedly discussed ways
to make money from providing access to friends' data.Mark Zuckerberg himself wrote the following in 2012: "I'm getting more on board with
locking down some parts of platform, including friends' data Without limiting distribution or access to friends who use this app, I don't
think we have any way to get developers to pay us at all besides offering payments and ad networks."Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage
caption
Facebook says 2.3 billion people use its service at least once a month
Facebook's retort is that
it explored many ways to build its business, but ultimately what counts is that it never charged developers for this kind of service."We
ultimately settled on a model where developers did not need to purchase advertising and we continued to provide the developer platform for
free," it said.But another email from Mr Zuckerberg in the haul makes it clear that his reasoning for doing so was a belief that the more
apps that developers built, the more information people would share about themselves, which in turn would help Facebook make money.And some
users may be worried that it was this profit motive rather than concerns for their privacy that determined the outcome.Android
permissionsAnother standout discovery was the fact that Facebook's team had no illusions that an update to its Android app - which gave
Facebook access to users' call and text message records - risked a media backlash."This is a pretty high-risk thing to do from a PR
perspective," wrote one executive, adding that it could lead to articles saying "Facebook uses new Android update to pry into your private
life in ever more terrifying ways".In the conversation that followed, staff discussed testing a method that would require users to click a
button to share the data but avoid them being shown an "Android permissions dialogue at all".Mr Collins claims the result was that the firm
made it as "hard as possible" for users to be aware of the privacy change.Facebook's defence is that the change was still "opt in" rather
than done by default, and that users benefited from better suggestions about who they could call via its apps."This was a discussion about
how our decision to launch this opt-in feature would interact with the Android operating system's own permission screens," added the
firm."This was not a discussion about avoiding asking people for permission."It previously defended its conduct in March after users had
spotted saved call logs in archives of their Facebook activity and did not recall giving the social network permission to gather
them.Whether you accept its explanation or not, it does not look good that executives were clearly worried that journalists might "dig into"
what the update was doing in the first place.The risk is that this adds to the impression that while Facebook wants its members to trust it
with their information, the firm has an aversion to having its own behaviour scrutinised.Surveying rivalsPart of the way through the
hundreds of text-heavy pages is a selection of graphs
They show how Facebook tracked the fortunes of social media rivals including WhatsApp - which it went on to buy - and Twitter's viral video
service Vine - which it decided to block from accessing some data.Image copyrightGoogleImage caption
Many of Onavo's
users are unlikely to have been aware of its ties to Facebook
This tracking was done via Onavo, an Israeli analytics company
that Facebook acquired in 2013 - which provided a free virtual private network app.VPNs are typically installed by users wanting an extra
layer of privacy.Mr Collins accused Facebook of carrying out its surveys without customers' knowledge.Its reply was that the app contained a
screen that stated that it collected "information about app usage" and detailed how it would be used.It is true that the app's privacy
policy stated that it might share information with "affiliates" including Facebook
But it is questionable how many of its millions of users bothered to read beyond the top-billed promise to "keep you and your data safe".In
any case, if Facebook is not hiding anything it is curious that, even now, on Google Play the app continues to list its developer as being
Onavo rather than its parent company, and only mentions Facebook's role if users click on a "read more" link.It is also noteworthy that
Apple banned the app earlier this year from its App Store for being too intrusive.Targeting competitorsYou do not get to be one of the
world's biggest companies just by playing nice.So, Mr Collins' accusation that Facebook had taken "aggressive positions" against rivals is
probably unsurprising.Even so, it is interesting the degree to which Mr Zuckerberg is involved."We maintain a small list of strategic
competitors that Mark personally reviewed," disclosed one memo."Apps produced by the companies on this list are subject to a number of
restrictions any usage beyond that specified is not permitted without Mark-level sign-off."Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage caption
Politicians are under pressure to consider tougher regulations for Facebook and other tech companies
As the case
of Vine demonstrated, he is willing to take a tough line.When asked if Facebook should cut off Vine's access to friends' data on the day of
its launch in 2013 - ahead of the later wider crackdown - his reply was brief."Yup, go for it."Facebook suggests such behaviour is
normal."At that time we made the decision to restrict apps built on top of our platform that replicated our core functionality," it said in
its response."These kind of restrictions are common across the tech industry with different platforms having their own variant including
YouTube, Twitter, Snap and Apple."But it added that it now believes the policy is "out-of-date" so is removing it.Too late for Vine, which
shut in January 2017.And Facebook's problem is that politicians now have another reason for new regulations to limit anti-competitive
behaviour by the tech giants.Digital rights campaigners also have new reasons to gripe."Time and again, Facebook proves itself untrustworthy
and incapable of building the world it claims it wants to see," Dr Gus Hosein, from Privacy International, told the
TheIndianSubcontinent."They show a pattern, fostered by market dominance, of deceptive and exploitative behaviour, which must be stopped."
